Iron Age in Ireland

The Iron Age in Ireland began around 600 BCE, marked by the gradual infiltration of small groups of Celtic-speaking people. The Celtic migration into Ireland is believed to have occurred in multiple waves over several centuries, with origins tracing back to various regions in Europe.

Waves of Migration

• First Wave (Late Bronze Age to Early Iron Age): The initial wave of Celtic migration into Ireland likely occurred during the late Bronze Age to early Iron Age (around 1000 BCE to 500 BCE). These early migrants might have come from the Hallstatt cultural sphere, bringing with them advanced metalworking techniques and other cultural traits.
• Second Wave (Around 500 BCE to 300 BCE): The second significant wave of migration is associated with the La Tène culture. These Celts brought with them distinct artistic styles, including intricate metalwork and designs. This wave likely had a more profound impact on Irish culture and society, as evidenced by the archaeological record.
• Third Wave (Later Periods): Some historians suggest there were later waves of migration, possibly into the first few centuries CE, although the evidence for these is less clear. These later waves could have included smaller groups that continued to bring Celtic cultural influences into Ireland.

This period saw a blending of Celtic and indigenous cultures, leading to the emergence of Gaelic culture by the fifth century CE. During this time, the main over-kingdoms of In Tuisceart, Airgialla, Ulaid, Mide, Laigin, Mumhain, and Cóiced Ol nEchmacht began to take shape, fostering a rich cultural environment dominated by an upper class of aristocratic warriors and learned individuals, possibly including Druids.

From the 17th century onwards, linguists identified the Goidelic languages spoken in Ireland as a branch of the Celtic languages. The introduction of Celtic language and cultural elements is often attributed to invasions by continental Celts. However, some researchers suggest that the culture evolved gradually through sustained cultural exchanges with Celtic groups from southwest continental Europe, starting as early as the Neolithic period and continuing through the Bronze Age. This hypothesis of gradual cultural absorption has gained support from recent genetic research.

In 60 CE, the Romans invaded Anglesey in Wales, raising concerns across the Irish Sea. Although there is some controversy regarding whether the Romans ever set foot in Ireland, it is suggested that the closest Rome came to invading Ireland was around 80 CE. According to accounts, Túathal Techtmar, a deposed high king's son, may have invaded Ireland from abroad to reclaim his kingdom around this time. The Romans referred to Ireland as Hibernia and, by 100 CE, Ptolemy had recorded its geography and tribes. Although Ireland was never part of the Roman Empire, Roman influence extended beyond its borders. Tacitus noted that an exiled Irish prince was with Agricola in Roman Britain and intended to seize power in Ireland, while Juvenal mentioned that Roman "arms had been taken beyond the shores of Ireland." Some experts hypothesize that Roman-sponsored Gaelic forces or Roman regulars might have mounted an invasion around 100 CE, though the exact nature of the relationship between Rome and the Irish dynasties remains unclear.

In 367 CE, during the Great Conspiracy, Irish confederations known as the Scoti attacked and some settled in Britain, particularly the Dál Riata, who established themselves in western Scotland and the Western Isles. This movement exemplified the ongoing interactions and migrations between Ireland and Britain during this period.