Finnish Declaration of Independence

The Finnish Declaration of Independence, adopted by the Finnish Parliament on 6 December 1917, marked Finland's formal break from the Russian Empire, ending its status as the Grand Duchy of Finland. The declaration was a significant milestone in a long process of political evolution, catalyzed by the turbulent events in Russia and Finland's desire for self-rule.

Background

Finland had been an autonomous part of the Russian Empire since 1809, following its annexation from Sweden. Under Russian rule, Finland maintained its own legal system, currency, and administration. However, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Finland faced growing pressure from Russian authorities, who implemented policies of Russification aimed at reducing Finland's autonomy.

The February Revolution of 1917, which led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II, further destabilized the region. As the Tsar was also the Grand Duke of Finland, his abdication undermined the legal basis of Finland's union with Russia. The Finnish Parliament, or Eduskunta, took advantage of this uncertainty and passed the Power Act in July 1917, claiming greater authority over Finnish domestic affairs. However, the Russian Provisional Government rejected the act and dissolved the Finnish Parliament.

Events Leading to Independence

Following the October Revolution of 1917, which brought the Bolsheviks to power, the Russian government was weakened, and Finland's leaders saw an opportunity to fully assert independence. The Bolsheviks, under Lenin, issued a decree granting the right of self-determination to the peoples of Russia, including the right to secede.

On 4 December 1917, the Finnish Senate, led by Prime Minister Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, presented a Declaration of Independence to the Finnish Parliament. Two days later, on 6 December, the Parliament adopted the declaration, marking Finland's official bid for independence.

Aftermath

Finland’s move to independence was quickly recognized by the Soviet Russian government on 31 December 1917. Other major powers followed suit, and Finland solidified its status as an independent nation. However, the transition was not smooth; internal tensions between conservative and socialist factions soon escalated into the Finnish Civil War in early 1918, further complicating the country's path to stability.