The Protestant Reformation, initiated by Martin Luther in 1517, quickly spread to Estonia in the 1520s. Lutheranism took hold, particularly promoting literacy among commoners as church services transitioned from Latin to the local Estonian vernacular. The first books in Estonian were printed during this period. However, many Estonian peasants, comfortable with traditional Catholic practices, were slow to fully embrace the new faith.
After 1600, under Swedish rule, Lutheranism became more dominant, influencing church architecture and worship practices. Churches were designed to involve congregants more directly, with pews and altars featuring depictions like the Last Supper replacing Catholic imagery. This period marked a shift towards a simpler, more accessible religious experience for Estonians, reflecting the broader influence of the Reformation.