Around 45,000 BCE, human remains from the early Homo sapiens period were found in Koněprusy Caves near Beroun. These findings were followed by more discoveries, such as the Mladeč caves human remains from 30,000 BCE and mammoth tusks with detailed engravings, uncovered in Pavlov and Předmostí, which highlight the development of early art and symbolic expression in the area. In Předmostí, a significant accumulation of human remains associated with the Gravettian culture revealed advanced artistry, most notably the Venus figurines. The Venus of Dolní Věstonice, dated between 29,000 and 25,000 BCE, is an iconic artifact from this period and was discovered in Dolní Věstonice, alongside other artifacts in southern Moravia.
The Kůlna Cave continued to be an important site, showing remains from mammoth hunters around 22,000 BCE and reindeer and horse hunters around 12,000 BCE, indicating a rich tradition of specialized hunting activities. By the Neolithic, from approximately 5500 to 4500 BCE, the Linear Pottery culture established itself in the Czech lands, succeeded by other farming cultures, including the Lengyel, Funnelbeaker, and Stroke-ornamented ware cultures, marking the end of the Stone Age in the region with a transition to more complex, settled agricultural societies. These early settlements and cultural advancements position the Czech region as one of Europe’s key archaeological sites.