
The Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom, also known as the Indo-Sasanians, was established in the 3rd and 4th centuries by the Sasanian Empire in the territories of Sogdia, Bactria, and Gandhara, previously part of the declining Kushan Empire. Following their conquests around 225 CE, the Sasanian-appointed governors adopted the title of Kushanshah, or "King of the Kushans," marking their rule by minting distinct coins. This period is often viewed as a "sub-kingdom" within the broader Sasanian Empire, maintaining a degree of autonomy until around 360–370 CE.
The Kushano-Sasanians eventually faced defeat by the Kidarites, leading to the loss of significant territories. The remnants of their domain were absorbed back into the Sasanian Empire. Subsequently, the Kidarites were overthrown by the Hephthalites, also known as the Alchon Huns, who expanded their control to Bactria, Gandhara, and even central India. This succession of rulers continued with the Turk Shahi and then the Hindu Shahi dynasties, until the Muslim conquest reached the northwestern regions of India.