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The Indo-Parthian Kingdom, founded by Gondophares around 19 CE, thrived until approximately 226 CE, covering eastern Iran, parts of Afghanistan, and the northwestern Indian subcontinent. This kingdom, potentially linked to the House of Suren, is also referred to by some as the "Suren Kingdom".[13] Gondophares declared independence from the Parthian Empire, extending his realm by conquering territories from the Indo-Scythians and Indo-Greeks, although its extent was later diminished by Kushan invasions. The Indo-Parthians managed to maintain control over regions like Sakastan until around 224/5 CE when conquered by the Sasanian Empire.[14]
Gondophares I, likely from Seistan and related to or a vassal of the Apracarajas, expanded his domain into former Indo-Scythian territories around 20–10 BCE, encompassing Arachosia, Seistan, Sindh, Punjab, and the Kabul valley. His empire was a loose federation of smaller rulers, including the Apracarajas and Indo-Scythian satraps, who acknowledged his supremacy.
Following Gondophares I's death, the empire fragmented. Notable successors included Gondophares II (Sarpedones), and Abdagases, Gondophares' nephew, who ruled Punjab and possibly Seistan. The kingdom saw a series of minor kings and internal divisions, with territories gradually absorbed by the Kushans from the mid-1st century CE. The Indo-Parthians retained some regions until the fall of the Parthian Empire to the Sasanian Empire around 230 CE. The Sasanian conquest of Turan and Sakastan around 230 CE marked the end of the Indo-Parthian rule, as recorded by Al-Tabari.