
The Chagatai Khanate, established by Chagatai Khan, Genghis Khan's second son, was a Mongol realm that later underwent Turkification. Spanning from the Amu Darya to the Altai Mountains at its zenith, it encompassed territories once controlled by the Qara Khitai. Initially, the Chagatai khans acknowledged the Great Khan's supremacy, but autonomy increased over time, particularly during Kublai Khan's reign when Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq defied the central Mongol authority. The khanate's decline began in 1363 as it progressively lost Transoxiana to the Timurids, culminating in the emergence of Moghulistan, a reduced realm that persisted until the late 15th century. Moghulistan eventually fragmented into the Yarkent and Turpan Khanates. By 1680, the remaining Chagatai territories fell to the Dzungar Khanate, and in 1705, the last Chagatai khan was deposed, marking the end of the dynasty.