Sir Isaac Newton was born on 25 December 1642 (Julian calendar) at Woolsthorpe Manor in Lincolnshire, England. His father died three months before his birth, and he was raised by his maternal grandmother after his mother remarried. Newton attended The King's School in Grantham, where he developed a foundation in mathematics. He later enrolled at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1661, initially as a subsizar. He earned a scholarship in 1664 and graduated with a BA in 1665. The university closed temporarily due to the Great Plague, prompting Newton to return home, where he made significant discoveries in mathematics and physics.During the years 1665 to 1667, Newton developed the foundations of calculus, formulated the laws of motion, and conducted experiments in optics. He returned to Cambridge in 1667 and was elected a fellow of Trinity College. In 1669, he succeeded Isaac Barrow as the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. Newton's work in mathematics included the generalization of the binomial theorem and contributions to the study of cubic curves and finite differences. He also engaged in a dispute with Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz over the invention of calculus, with both men independently developing the subject.Newton's major work, the 'Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica,' was published in 1687. In this book, he articulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation, providing a comprehensive framework for classical mechanics. His work unified terrestrial and celestial mechanics, demonstrating that the same principles govern both. Newton's theories accounted for planetary motion, tides, and the precession of the equinoxes, establishing a heliocentric view of the Solar System.In addition to his contributions to physics, Newton made significant advancements in optics. He discovered that white light is composed of a spectrum of colors, which he demonstrated using prisms. His work on light culminated in the publication of 'Opticks' in 1704, where he explored the nature of color and light. He also constructed the first practical reflecting telescope, which addressed issues of chromatic aberration found in refracting telescopes.Newton's career included roles beyond academia. He served as a Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge and was appointed Warden and later Master of the Royal Mint, where he implemented reforms to combat counterfeiting and improve coinage. He was knighted by Queen Anne in 1705 and became president of the Royal Society in 1703.Newton's religious views were unorthodox; he rejected the doctrine of the Trinity and engaged in extensive theological studies, much of which remained unpublished during his lifetime. He also pursued alchemical research, which he considered integral to his scientific inquiries.Newton died on 20 March 1727 (Julian calendar) in London. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, becoming the first scientist to receive such an honor. His legacy includes foundational contributions to mathematics, physics, and optics, and he is often regarded as one of the most influential figures in the history of science.