Solon (c. 630 – c. 560 BCE) was an Athenian statesman, lawmaker, political philosopher, and poet, recognized as one of the Seven Sages of Greece. He is credited with establishing the foundations of Athenian democracy through significant reforms aimed at addressing political, economic, and moral decline. Solon's constitutional reforms largely overturned the laws of Draco, particularly through measures that provided debt relief, known as seisachtheia, which translated to 'shaking off of burdens'. Aristotle referred to him as 'the first people's champion,' and Demosthenes attributed the onset of a golden age in Athens to his reforms.Born into a noble family in Athens, Solon was likely the son of Execestides and had connections to the last King of Athens, Codrus. He had a brother named Dropides, an ancestor of Plato, and was related to the tyrant Pisistratus through their mothers. Initially engaged in commerce, Solon later became a military leader during the conflict over Salamis against Megara. His leadership, bolstered by a nationalistic poem, led to a victory that was recognized by the Spartans, who awarded the island to Athens.In 594 BCE, Solon was elected archon, where he repealed most of Draco's laws, retaining only those concerning homicide. He was granted temporary autocratic powers by the citizens of Athens, who sought his wisdom to resolve their conflicts. Anticipating the backlash against his debt cancellation reforms, Solon took measures to protect himself by complying with his own laws, which included releasing his debtors. After implementing his reforms, he chose to travel abroad for ten years to prevent any attempts to repeal his laws.During his travels, Solon visited Egypt, where he met Pharaoh Amasis II and engaged in philosophical discussions with local priests. He also traveled to Cyprus, where he helped establish a new capital named Soloi. His journey culminated in Sardis, where he advised King Croesus, who later regretted not heeding Solon's warning about the fleeting nature of happiness.Upon returning to Athens, Solon opposed Pisistratus, who had seized power through force. Solon publicly urged resistance against the tyranny but was ultimately unsuccessful. He died in Cyprus around the age of 70, and his ashes were scattered in Salamis, his birthplace. Solon's legacy as a lawgiver and reformer was recognized by later generations, and he was celebrated for his contributions to Athenian society, including his moral and economic reforms.Solon's laws were inscribed on wooden slabs known as axones, which recorded his legislative changes. His reforms included constitutional changes that allowed broader participation in government, economic measures to stimulate trade and agriculture, and moral legislation aimed at curbing excesses in society. The seisachtheia abolished debt slavery and released those who had been enslaved due to debts. Solon also enacted laws regulating inheritance and dowries, and he is thought to have influenced social norms regarding sexuality, although the details of these laws remain uncertain due to the fragmentary nature of the historical record.Solon's poetry, which served various purposes including political advocacy, has survived only in fragments. His verses reflect his concerns about social justice and the need for moderation in a polarized society. While the literary quality of his work is often considered unremarkable, it provides valuable insight into his thoughts and the socio-political climate of his time. Solon's contributions to Athenian governance and society laid the groundwork for future democratic developments in the city-state.