Philip V of Macedon (238–179 BCE) ruled as king from 221 to 179 BCE. His reign was characterized by the Social War in Greece (220–217 BCE) and conflicts with the Roman Republic, including the First (212–205 BCE) and Second (200–196 BCE) Macedonian Wars. Although he lost the Second Macedonian War, he later allied with Rome against Antiochus III during the Roman-Seleucid War. Philip died in 179 BCE from illness, having worked to restore Macedonia's military and economic strength, and was succeeded by his elder son, Perseus.Philip was born to Demetrius II of Macedon and either Phthia or Chryseis. He became king at the age of seventeen after the death of his great-uncle, Antigonus III Doson, who had served as regent. Philip was noted for his charisma and military skills, drawing comparisons to Alexander the Great. He established a close relationship with Aratus of Sicyon, a prominent figure in his court. In his first year as king, Philip successfully repelled the Dardani and other northern tribes.The Social War began after the formation of the Hellenic League in 224 BCE, which included various Greek federations. Philip took command of the league in 221/220 BCE and led a campaign against Aetolia, Sparta, and Elis. The war concluded with a Macedonian victory at the conference of Naupactus in 217 BCE, solidifying Philip's authority and reputation among the Greeks.Following the peace, Philip sought to diminish Roman influence in the Adriatic by forming alliances and attempting invasions. His initial naval expeditions were unsuccessful, but he captured Lissus in 212 BCE. In 215 BCE, he signed a treaty with Hannibal of Carthage, although it yielded little benefit. The Roman alliance with the Aetolian League in 211 BCE diminished Philip's position, but he managed to secure a victory against the Aetolians in 206 BCE, leading to the Peace of Phoenice in 205 BCE.Philip then expanded into Asia Minor, capturing Miletus and besieging Samos, which alarmed neighboring states. His actions prompted a response from Rome, which supported Pergamum and Rhodes against him. Philip's relationship with Athens soured, leading to a siege of the city. In 200 BCE, the Romans formally declared war, and Philip was besieging Abydos when he received a Roman ambassador urging him to cease hostilities.Philip faced Roman forces under Publius Sulpicius Galba and later Titus Quinctius Flamininus. He initially achieved some victories but ultimately suffered defeat at the Battle of Cynoscephalae in 197 BCE. Following this defeat, he was compelled to sign a peace treaty in 196 BCE, relinquishing claims to Greek cities and limiting his military capabilities.In the years following the treaty, Philip generated revenue through taxation and resource exploitation, reorganizing Macedonia's internal affairs. Despite his efforts, Rome remained suspicious of his intentions, leading to tensions with neighboring states. Philip's attempts to extend his influence were complicated by the pro-Roman stance of his younger son, Demetrius, which culminated in a conflict between his sons. In 180 BCE, Philip executed Demetrius for treason, a decision that affected his health. He died in 179 BCE at Amphipolis, leaving the throne to Perseus, his eldest son.