Epicurus (341–270 BCE) was an ancient Greek philosopher who established the school of Epicureanism, which emphasized the pursuit of a tranquil life free from fear and pain. He believed that philosophy's primary purpose was to help individuals achieve this state of tranquility. Epicurus advocated for a self-sufficient lifestyle surrounded by friends, promoting simple meals and philosophical discussions at his school, known as 'The Garden,' in Athens. He posited that while gods exist, they do not interfere in human affairs. Epicurus's atomic theory, influenced by Democritus, suggested that all natural phenomena result from the movement and interaction of atoms in a void. He introduced the concept of atomic 'swerve,' allowing for human free will in a deterministic universe.Born in Samos to Athenian parents, Epicurus received a typical Greek education and studied under Pamphilus, a Platonist. After military service, he joined his family in Colophon and later studied under Nausiphanes, a follower of Democritus. Epicurus's teachings were shaped by earlier philosophers, but he claimed to be self-taught and criticized previous thinkers as confused. His philosophy also reflected influences from Cynicism, particularly in the emphasis on honesty, though he rejected their vulgarity, advocating for kindness instead.Epicurus began teaching around 311 BCE in Mytilene but faced opposition, leading him to establish a school in Lampsacus before returning to Athens around 306 BCE. There, he founded The Garden, which became a communal space for philosophical inquiry. His followers included notable figures such as Metrodorus and Hermarchus, and the school welcomed both male and female students. The Garden practiced a communal lifestyle, sharing resources and celebrating various rites, including annual memorials for Epicurus and his family.Epicurus died in 270 BCE, reportedly from a painful urinary tract condition. Despite his suffering, he remained cheerful and continued to teach until his death. His writings, which included over 300 works, have largely been lost, with only a few letters and fragments surviving, such as the Principal Doctrines and parts of his major work, On Nature. Much of what is known about his philosophy comes from later authors.Epicureanism gained popularity during the late Roman Republic but declined by late antiquity. In the Middle Ages, Epicurus was misrepresented as a proponent of indulgence. His ideas resurfaced in the 15th century with the rediscovery of texts, but it was not until the 17th century that a modified version of his philosophy gained acceptance, particularly through the work of Pierre Gassendi. Epicurus's influence grew during the Enlightenment, impacting thinkers like John Locke and Karl Marx.