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Hundred Years War

Charles V dichiara la guerra

1370 Dec 4 Pontvallain, France
Charles V dichiara la guerra
The Battle of Pontvallain, from an illuminated manuscript of Froissart's Chronicles © Jean Froissart

Nel 1369, con il pretesto che Edward non era riuscito a osservare i termini del trattato, Charles V dichiarò di nuovo la guerra. Ad agosto un'offensiva francese ha tentato di riconquistare i castelli in Normandia. Gli uomini che avevano combattuto in precedenti campagne inglesi e avevano già vinto fortuna e fama, furono convocati dai loro pensionamenti e nuovi uomini più giovani furono dati comandi. Quando Charles V riprese la guerra, l'equilibrio si era spostato a suo favore; La Francia rimase lo stato più grande e potente dell'Europa occidentale e dell'Inghilterra aveva perso i suoi leader militari più capaci. Edoardo III era troppo vecchio, il principe nero invalido, mentre nel dicembre 1370, John Chandos, il seneschal di Poitou, molto esperto, fu ucciso in una scaramuccia vicino a Lussac-les-Châteaux. Su consiglio di Bertrand Du Guesclin, nominato agente in Francia nel novembre 1370, i francesi adottarono una strategia attributiva. I francesi fecero guadagni territoriali in Occidente, ritraggendo la capitale provinciale strategica dei Poitier e catturando molti castelli.

Gli inglesi si erano saccheggiati e si erano fatti strada attraverso la Francia settentrionale da Calais a Parigi. Con l'inverno in arrivo, i comandanti inglesi caddero e divise il loro esercito in quattro. La battaglia consisteva in due impegni separati: uno a Pontvallain dove, dopo una marcia forzata, che proseguiva durante la notte, Guesclin, il nuovo agente di Francia, sorprese una parte importante della forza inglese e la spazzò via. In un attacco coordinato, il subordinato di Guesclin, Louis de Sancerre, ha catturato una forza inglese più piccola lo stesso giorno, nella vicina città di Vaas, che la spazzava via. I due sono talvolta nominati come battaglie separate. I francesi contavano 5.200 uomini e la forza inglese aveva approssimativamente le stesse dimensioni.

L'Inghilterra continuò a perdere territorio in Aquitana fino al 1374 e, mentre persero la terra, perse la fedeltà dei Lord locali. Pontvallain terminò la strategia di breve durata di King Edward di promuovere un'alleanza con Charles, re di Navarra. Ha anche segnato l'ultimo uso di grandi aziende - grandi forze di mercenari - dall'Inghilterra in Francia; La maggior parte dei loro leader originali erano stati uccisi. I mercenari erano ancora considerati utili, ma venivano sempre più assorbiti negli eserciti principali di entrambi i lati.

Siege of Limoges
England's naval supremacy ends
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Hundred Years War

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