King Jeongjo, the 22nd monarch of the Joseon Dynasty, reigned from 1776 to 1800 and was known for his efforts to reform and improve the nation. Emphasizing empathy with his people, Jeongjo responded proactively to natural disasters such as droughts and measles epidemics, providing public medicines and performing rainmaking rituals.

Politically, Jeongjo continued his grandfather King Yeongjo's Tangpyeong policy, aiming to reduce factionalism and honor his father, Crown Prince Sado. He declared himself as Sado's son upon ascending the throne and moved the court to Suwon to be closer to his father's grave, building the Hwaseong Fortress to guard the tomb.

Jeongjo's reign faced threats from internal factions, particularly the Noron faction. In 1776, he thwarted a military coup led by Noron members Hong Sang-beom and Hong Kye-neung. He executed the conspirators but failed to impeach Hong Guk-yeong, a key political figure, to prevent power concentration in a single family.

Jeongjo introduced Changyongyeong, a royal bodyguard unit, and recruited officers through competitive examinations, replacing the less trusted Naekeunwe. This move was part of his broader efforts to control national politics and promote progress.

Cultural and educational reforms were significant in Jeongjo's reign. He established Kyujanggak, a royal library, to enhance Joseon's cultural and political status and recruit capable officers. He also lifted restrictions on government positions, allowing individuals from various social statuses to serve.

Jeongjo was an avid supporter of humanities and Neo-Confucianism, collaborating with Silhak scholars like Jeong Yak-yong and Pak Ji-won. His reign saw the growth of Joseon's popular culture. He favored Soron and Namin factions over the dominant Noron faction to establish a balance of power and strengthen royal authority.

In 1791, Jeongjo enacted the Shinhae Tonggong (free trade law), allowing open market sales and abolishing the Gumnanjeonguoun law, which had restricted market participation to certain merchant groups. This move aimed to alleviate the people's economic difficulties.

Jeongjo's sudden death in 1800 at age 47 left many of his initiatives unfulfilled. His death remains shrouded in mystery, with speculation and numerous books dedicated to the circumstances surrounding it. King Sunjo, his second son, succeeded him, marrying Lady Kim of the Andong clan, arranged by Jeongjo before his death.