Following the Bar Kokhba revolt, Judea saw significant demographic changes. Pagan populations from Syria, Phoenicia, and Arabia settled in the countryside,^[113] while Aelia Capitolina and other administrative centers were inhabited by Roman veterans and settlers from the empire's western parts.^[114]

The Romans allowed a Rabbinical Patriarch, the "Nasi," from the House of Hillel, to represent the Jewish community. Judah ha-Nasi, a notable Nasi, compiled the Mishnah and emphasized education, inadvertently causing some illiterate Jews to convert to Christianity.^[115] Jewish seminaries in Shefaram and Bet Shearim continued scholarship, and the best scholars joined the Sanhedrin, initially in Sepphoris, then in Tiberias.^[116] Numerous synagogues from this period in Galilee^[117] and the burial site of Sanhedrin leaders in Beit She'arim^[118] highlight Jewish religious life's continuity.

In the 3rd century, heavy Roman taxation and an economic crisis prompted further Jewish migration to the more tolerant Sasanian Empire, where Jewish communities and Talmudic academies flourished.^[119] The 4th century saw significant developments under Emperor Constantine. He made Constantinople the Eastern Roman Empire's capital and legalized Christianity. His mother, Helena, led the construction of key Christian sites in Jerusalem.^[120] Jerusalem, renamed from Aelia Capitolina, became a Christian city, with Jews banned from living there but allowed to visit the Temple ruins.^[120] This era also witnessed a Christian effort to eradicate paganism, leading to the destruction of Roman temples.^[121] In 351-2, the Jewish revolt against the Roman governor Constantius Gallus occurred in Galilee.^[122]