The ongoing conflict that began on 7 October 2023 between Israel and Hamas-led Palestinian militant groups, primarily in the Gaza Strip, represents a significant escalation in the region. Hamas militants launched a surprise multi-pronged invasion into southern Israel, resulting in significant casualties and hostages taken to Gaza.^[257] The attack was widely condemned by many countries, though some have blamed Israel for its policies in Palestinian territories.^[258]

Israel responded with a massive aerial bombardment campaign in Gaza and a subsequent ground invasion, declaring a state of war. The conflict has been marked by heavy casualties, with over 14,300 Palestinians, including 6,000 children, killed, and accusations of war crimes against both Israel and Hamas.^[259] The situation has led to a severe humanitarian crisis in Gaza, with massive displacement, collapsing health services, and shortages of essential supplies.^[260]

The war has sparked widespread global protests that have focused on ceasefire. The United States vetoed a United Nations Security Council resolution calling for an immediate humanitarian ceasefire;^[261] a week later, the United States stood with Israel in rejecting a non-binding advisory resolution passed overwhelmingly in the United Nations General Assembly.^[262] Israel has rejected calls for a ceasefire.^[263] On 15 November, the UN Security Council approved a resolution calling for "urgent and extended humanitarian pauses and corridors throughout the Gaza Strip".^[264] Israel agreed to a temporary truce following a deal in which Hamas agreed to release 50 hostages in exchange for 150 Palestinian prisoners.^[265] On 28 November, Israel and Hamas accused each other of violating the truce.^[266]